Celtic Culture
|
AmeriCeltic provides accurate information on Celtic Culture and History. |
Support our work!
|
Click Here to subscribe to our weekly Email Newsletter, and get updates every Friday. |
Table of Contents
Culture and Language by Tony Becker, 2024-04-15
Irish Pronunciation by Tony Becker, 2024-04-15
Irish Phonetics, by Gwen Butler, 2024-01-02
Gàidhlig: Language of our Scottish Ancestors by Stephanie Taylor, 2019-05-05
Scots Gaelic/Gàidhlig
Language is both essential and fundamental for human culture. Language is unique to the human species, and, along with music and visual arts, is the primary way people communicate, build relationships, and create a sense of community. Language also helps people express their feelings and thoughts.
The Gaelic language has been spoken in Ireland for at least 2,500 years and Gaelic has been spoken in Scotland for over 1,500 years, making it an integral part of the both country’s heritage and cultural identity. It reflects the deep history of the Gaels and their connection to the lands. Even though the number of Gaelic speakers has declined over time, efforts are underway to revitalize the language because of it’s importance for fostering and preserving any sense of national identity.
Gaelic gives Scottish and Irish people a sense of who they are through their shared culture and heritage. Like any other language, their shared Gaelic Languages shape Irish and Scottish art, literature, song, and storytelling. Language provides a unique lens through which to experience and understand national cultures, both traditional and contemporary. It’s reflected in things like traditional music and literature, and in Ireland and Scotland, they are often in Gaelic. These languages are intertwined with the landscapes of Ireland and Scotland. Gaelic place names and traditional phrases carry meanings and connections to the land that can’t be fully captured in English.
For over 700 years, the Irish language was discouraged wherever the English ruled in Ireland. For many, the Irish language became a symbol of resistance against colonialism and a way to keep Irish culture alive. The revival of Irish Gaelic in the 19th century went hand-in-hand with the push for Irish independence.
Irish Gaelic is mainly called ‘Irish’ today and Scottish Gaelic is also known as Scots Gaelic, or Gàidhlig in Scottish Gaelic, which is pronounced ‘Gah-lick’. Before the 15th century, speakers of Scottish Gaelic referred to it as Scottis, which means ‘Scottish’. In the late 15th century, speakers began to refer to it as Erse, which means ‘Irish’. However, Scottish Gaelic is now recognized as a separate language from Irish, so the word Erse is no longer used.
foclóir.ie New English-Irish Dictionary is a very useful website for learning to pronounce Irish words correctly. Of course, there are three slightly different dialects accross Ireland: Munster in the South, Connacht in the West, and Ulster in the North, but this website has audio clips for each! Just type the word in the search box, and then click the red ‘C’, ‘M’ or ‘U’ to hear it in any of the three dialects.
Here are the basics of how to match up letters and sounds in Irish:
b,*d, f, h, l, m, n, p,*r,*t are fairly similar to English, but next to i or e, d can sound a bit like ‘j’, t almost a bit like ‘ch’ (in chin), and r, when not at the beginning of a word, often like something in between d and rzh with a puff of air.
| a – as in ‘hat’ | ; | á – as in ‘crawl’ |
| e – as in ‘let’ | ; | é – as in ‘way’ |
| i – as in ‘if’ | ; | í – as ‘ee‘ in ‘deer’ |
| o – as in ‘hot’ | ; | ó – as in ‘moan’ |
| u – as in ‘tuft’ | ; | ú – as in ‘crooning’ |
ao or aoi – like í (‘ee’ in ‘deer’)
eo – like ó (as in ‘comb’)
ua ~ oo-uh ; ia ~ ee-uh
often but not always: ei ~ e as in ‘bet’ ; ea ~ a as in ‘cat‘ ; ae ~ ay as in ‘hay’
c – like a ‘k’, never like an ‘s’ (ex: Celtic is pronounced like ‘keltik’)
g – as in ‘gunk’, never as in ‘gerbil’
s: if the closest vowel is a/o/u – like ‘s‘ in song ; if closest vowel is i/e – like ‘sh‘ in she
c/ch: if closest vowel is a/o/u – like ‘ch‘ in Loch Ness ; if by i/e – like ‘h‘ in ‘house’
b/bh and m/mh – like either a v or w (more likely w if in the middle of a word, in northern dialects, or next to broad vowels a/o/u)
d/dh and g/gh: if the closest vowel is a/o/u ~ gargly ugh ; if by i/e – like ‘y‘ in ‘yes’
f/fh – always silent!
p/ph – like ‘f’ or ‘ph’ in ‘phone’
t/th and s/sh – same as a ‘h‘ (as in hello)
If you see a pair of letters at the beginning of a word that look unpronouncable, it’s likely an urú – a mutation that can occur at the beginning of a word.
The last letter in these combinations is never pronounced – for pronunciation purposes, act like the last letter isn’t there: bp gc dt bhf mb ng nd
Music and language are inextricably intertwined, and for Celts, music and language form the bedrock of our Celtic culture.
The Celtic languages have a long history as a major language of commerce two thousand years ago. Fluent Celtic speakers lived in most of Europe, and in northern modern-day Turkey. The language that we know as Scottish Gaelic, (Gàidhlig), is derived from Old Irish, brought to what we now know as Scotland in ~500 CE when the expanding Northern Irish kingdom of Dàl Riata crossed the short 12 miles between the two islands, and incorporated the western lands and islands. Until that time, the indigenous Picts and Britons peoples of North and southwestern Scotland had spoken their own distinct languages. There is no precise historical record of the fate of these peoples, but it is likely they blended into the kingdom of Dàl Riata by intermarriage or conquest. There was also a Norse presence in the northern western isles and traces remain of that influence in those Gaelic dialects.
Scottish Gaelic began to decline as a primary language of administration and commerce during the court of Malcolm Canmore (1059-1096), losing out to Norman French, English and Scots. Gaelic language and culture retreated to the west, and in the fifteenth century, many laws were passed requiring English language education. After the rising in 1745, Gaelic language and culture were severely restricted.
Currently, the number of native speakers is small making Gaelic a true minority language. The percent of fluent speakers in the 2001 census are as follows: Ireland 35%, Wales 22%, Brittany 5%, Isle of Man 2%, Scotland 1-2% and Cornwall 0.1%. There are echoes of the language in the Galician communities of Spain, Turkey and Poland.
So, why should we bother rescuing an endangered language? A wonderful linguist, Lera Boroditsky, was interviewed on the January 29, 2018 NPR’s Hidden Brain series entitled Lost in Translation: the power of language to shape how we view the world. Her work centers on the way in which language affects perception. In that podcast, she quoted a colleague as saying that the loss of just one language was equivalent to bombing the Louvre in terms of cultural assets lost. There are many more examples in her interview. Here is the link to the podcast:
https://www.npr.org/2018/01/29/581657754/lost-in-translation-the-power-of-language-to-shape-how-we-view-the-world
So, what are we missing by being monolingual English speakers? Well, there are the joys of learning a new language which are not just intellectual but have also shown great benefit in preventing age related cognitive decline. Multilingual persons also often excel in measures of achievement and adaptability. The ability to see a problem from many points of view is priceless in solving the complex problems facing the world today.
So, what are the special qualities of Gaelic that would make you want to invest years in learning a new language? Here are a few examples. As musicians your singing in Gaelic will have greater depth and feeling. As a speaker, you will be able to enjoy the pleasures of a new word order for sentences, as Gaelic begins a sentence with a verb rather than a subject. ‘I went home’ literally translated from Gaelic is ‘Went I home’. Gaelic usually emphases the first syllable of a word, for example, the English speaker says Po-LICE and in Gaelic it would be said PO-lice. You might hear a bit of an American southern accent here in the Gaelic translation as many native Gaelic speakers were transported to the south, where the echo of the language continues. And if you have a sweetheart, you could say in English, ‘I love you’, but in Gaelic, it would be ‘My love is upon you.’ Much more endearing.
With Gaelic language learning you will also enter a community of like-minded speakers as you carry on our cultural heritage. When I started learning Gaelic in formal education, I found that essentially all the other students, as well as myself, were learning to honor recent and distant ancestors. Some had a Gaelic speaking Grandmother and feel they missed an opportunity to learn more from her when she as alive.
Learning Gaelic is a long-term commitment. It will take about five years of part-time study to become fluent. As most learners are either adults with jobs or students in college/high school, the courses are designed to accommodate work schedules.
As the culture is an essential part of the language, the learning experience will introduce you to new friends and new adventures. Coming home to your own language is one of the deepest pleasures you can have in life. If you are looking for resources, I have complied a partial list.
The major Scottish Gaelic formal colleges are:
Colaisde na Gàidhlig (Gaelic College) in Nova Scotia https://gaeliccollege.edu/
Atlantic Gaelic Academy, in Nova Scotia http://www.gaelicacademy.ca/
Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, Skye, Scotland http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/en/
Courses in Celtic Studies and Gaelic languages are also offered at: Univ. Of California at Berkeley, Northern Kentucky, U. of North Carolina, Boston College, University of Arizona, Tucson and more.
A sampling of Scottish Gaelic language organizations:
AN COMUNN GÀIDHEALACH AMEIREAGANACH The American Scottish Gaelic Society
Slighe nan Gàidheal, in Seattle https://www.slighe.org/
GaelicUSA, webpage and FB group https://gaelicusa.org/
Beannachd leibh (Blessings on you)-a traditional Gaelic ‘Goodbye’